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While science still described the chimpanzee as a peaceful vegetarian that roamed the forest without any need for social bonds-not unlike Rousseau's noble savages-Nishida had noticed that chimpanzees live a communal life with territorial boundaries and perhaps even hostility between neighboring unit-groups. One of Nishida's first discoveries was truly groundbreaking. After his retirement from this position, he became Director of the Japan Monkey Center.

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He occupied a teaching position at Tokyo University, from 1969 until 1988, before he became Full Professor in the Zoology Department of Kyoto University from 1988 until 2004. Based on his field observations, Nishida defended his dissertation at Kyoto University in 1968. The primates started to make regular visits only after about six months.

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He chose a forest in the foothills of the Mahale Mountains, at Lake Tanganyika, where he waited patiently for chimpanzees at a patch of sugar cane planted to attract them. As a graduate student of Imanishi's successor, Junichiro Itani, Nishida first studied Japanese macaques before he traveled to Tanzania. Nishida started his career inspired by the legendary father of Japanese primatology, Kinji Imanishi, at Kyoto University. Both teams were in it for the long haul rather than the brief expeditions others had previously undertaken. The study of chimpanzee behavior in nature began in earnest only in the 1960s with one field site set up by Jane Goodall in Gombe Stream, and another one 120 km to the south by Japanese scientists led by Nishida. This was partly due to low visibility and the apes' wariness of people. Toshisada Nishida in a Kyoto temple, in 2007.Д®arly primatologists had seen chimpanzees travel through the trees, eating fruits at their leisure, but rarely noticed anything of interest in their behavior. These rambunctious monkeys, however, are genetically more distant from us, and many of the characteristics deemed important for human evolution are either absent or minimally developed, such as tool technology, cooperative hunting, food sharing, territoriality, cultural traditions, and certain cognitive capacities, such as planning and theory-of-mind. Science considered baboons the best model of human evolution, since baboons had descended from the trees to become savanna-dwellers, like our ancestors.

At the time, chimpanzees did not yet occupy the special place in our thinking about human evolution reserved for them today. We have come such a long way in our knowledge of chimpanzees, and the discoveries have reached us in such a gradual and cumulative fashion, that it is easy to forget how little was known when Nishida set out for Africa to establish one of the first chimpanzee field sites, in 1965. One of the absolute greats of primatology, Toshisada Nishida (March 3, 1941вЂ“June 7, 2011), recently passed away at the age of 70 ( Figure 1).